we are surrounded by many radioactive emissions. CT scan, X-ray..
lets not feel fear radiation overreacting way
Tuesday, 29 March 2011
Becquerels and Sieverts
Becquerels and Sieverts
A becquerel (Bq), named after French physicist Henri Becquerel, is a measure of radioactivity
A quantity of radioactive material has an activity of 1Bq if one nucleus decays per second - and 1kBq if 1,000 nuclei decay per second
A sievert (Sv) is a measure of radiation absorbed by a person, named after Swedish medical physicist Rolf Sievert
A milli-sievert (mSv) is a 1,000th of a Sievert
A becquerel (Bq), named after French physicist Henri Becquerel, is a measure of radioactivity
A quantity of radioactive material has an activity of 1Bq if one nucleus decays per second - and 1kBq if 1,000 nuclei decay per second
A sievert (Sv) is a measure of radiation absorbed by a person, named after Swedish medical physicist Rolf Sievert
A milli-sievert (mSv) is a 1,000th of a Sievert
Very good article about radiation fear
26 March 2011 Last updated at 12:50 GMT
Viewpoint: We should stop running away from radiation
By Wade Allison
University of Oxford
More than 10,000 people have died in the Japanese tsunami and the survivors are cold and hungry. But the media concentrate on nuclear radiation from which no-one has died - and is unlikely to.
Modern reactors are better designed than those at Fukushima - tomorrow's may be better still Nuclear radiation at very high levels is dangerous, but the scale of concern that it evokes is misplaced. Nuclear technology cures countless cancer patients every day - and a radiation dose given for radiotherapy in hospital is no different in principle to a similar dose received in the environment.
What of Three Mile Island? There were no known deaths there.
And Chernobyl? The latest UN report published on 28 February confirms the known death toll - 28 fatalities among emergency workers, plus 15 fatal cases of child thyroid cancer - which would have been avoided if iodine tablets had been taken (as they have now in Japan). And in each case the numbers are minute compared with the 3,800 at Bhopal in 1984, who died as a result of a leak of chemicals from the Union Carbide pesticide plant.
So what of the radioactivity released at Fukushima? How does it compare with that at Chernobyl? Let's look at the measured count rates. The highest rate reported, at 1900 on 22 March, for any Japanese prefecture was 12 kBq per sq m (for the radioactive isotope of caesium, caesium-137).
A map of Chernobyl in the UN report shows regions shaded according to rate, up to 3,700 kBq per sq m - areas with less than 37 kBq per sq m are not shaded at all. In round terms, this suggests that the radioactive fallout at Fukushima is less than 1% of that at Chernobyl.
The other important radioisotope in fallout is iodine, which can cause child thyroid cancer.
This is only produced when the reactor is on and quickly decays once the reactor shuts down (it has a half life of eight days). The old fuel rods in storage at Fukushima, though radioactive, contain no iodine.
But at Chernobyl the full inventory of iodine and caesium was released in the initial explosion, so that at Fukushima any release of iodine should be much less than 1% of that at Chernobyl - with an effect reduced still further by iodine tablets.
Unfortunately, public authorities react by providing over-cautious guidance - and this simply escalates public concern.
Over-reaction
On the 16th anniversary of Chernobyl, the Swedish radiation authorities, writing in the Stockholm daily Dagens Nyheter, admitted over-reacting by setting the safety level too low and condemning 78% of all reindeer meat unnecessarily, and at great cost.
Bottled water was handed out in Tokyo this week to mothers of young babies Unfortunately, the Japanese seem to be repeating the mistake. On 23 March they advised that children should not drink tap water in Tokyo, where an activity of 200 Bq per litre had been measured the day before. Let's put this in perspective. The natural radioactivity in every human body is 50 Bq per litre - 200 Bq per litre is really not going to do much harm.
In the Cold War era most people were led to believe that nuclear radiation presents a quite exceptional danger understood only by "eggheads" working in secret military establishments.
To cope with the friendly fire of such nuclear propaganda on the home front, ever tighter radiation regulations were enacted in order to keep all contact with radiation As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), as the principle became known.
This attempt at reassurance is the basis of international radiation safety regulations today, which suggest an upper limit for the general public of 1 mSv per year above natural levels.
This very low figure is not a danger level, rather it's a small addition to the levels found in nature - a British person is exposed to 2.7 mSv per year, on average. My book Radiation and Reason argues that a responsible danger level based on current science would be 100 mSv per month, with a lifelong limit of 5,000 mSv, not 1 mSv per year.
New attitude
People worry about radiation because they cannot feel it. However, nature has a solution - in recent years it has been found that living cells replace and mend themselves in various ways to recover from a dose of radiation.
These clever mechanisms kick in within hours and rarely fail, except when they are overloaded - as at Chernobyl, where most of the emergency workers who received a dose greater than 4,000 mSv over a few hours died within weeks.
Some might ask whether I would accept radioactive waste buried 100 metres under my own house?”
End Quote However, patients receiving a course of radiotherapy usually get a dose of more than 20,000 mSv to vital healthy tissue close to the treated tumour. This tissue survives only because the treatment is spread over many days giving healthy cells time for repair or replacement.
In this way, many patients get to enjoy further rewarding years of life, even after many vital organs have received the equivalent of more than 20,000 years' dose at the above internationally recommended annual limit - which makes this limit unreasonable.
A sea-change is needed in our attitude to radiation, starting with education and public information.
Then fresh safety standards should be drawn up, based not on how radiation can be excluded from our lives, but on how much we can receive without harm - mindful of the other dangers that beset us, such as climate change and loss of electric power. Perhaps a new acronym is needed to guide radiation safety - how about As High As Relatively Safe (AHARS)?
Modern reactors are better designed than those at Fukushima - tomorrow's may be better still, but we should not wait. Radioactive waste is nasty but the quantity is small, especially if re-processed. Anyway, it is not the intractable problem that many suppose.
Some might ask whether I would accept it if it were buried 100 metres under my own house? My answer would be: "Yes, why not?" More generally, we should stop running away from radiation.
Wade Allison is a nuclear and medical physicist at the University of Oxford, the author of Radiation and Reason (2009) and Fundamental Physics for Probing and Imaging (2006).
Viewpoint: We should stop running away from radiation
By Wade Allison
University of Oxford
More than 10,000 people have died in the Japanese tsunami and the survivors are cold and hungry. But the media concentrate on nuclear radiation from which no-one has died - and is unlikely to.
Modern reactors are better designed than those at Fukushima - tomorrow's may be better still Nuclear radiation at very high levels is dangerous, but the scale of concern that it evokes is misplaced. Nuclear technology cures countless cancer patients every day - and a radiation dose given for radiotherapy in hospital is no different in principle to a similar dose received in the environment.
What of Three Mile Island? There were no known deaths there.
And Chernobyl? The latest UN report published on 28 February confirms the known death toll - 28 fatalities among emergency workers, plus 15 fatal cases of child thyroid cancer - which would have been avoided if iodine tablets had been taken (as they have now in Japan). And in each case the numbers are minute compared with the 3,800 at Bhopal in 1984, who died as a result of a leak of chemicals from the Union Carbide pesticide plant.
So what of the radioactivity released at Fukushima? How does it compare with that at Chernobyl? Let's look at the measured count rates. The highest rate reported, at 1900 on 22 March, for any Japanese prefecture was 12 kBq per sq m (for the radioactive isotope of caesium, caesium-137).
A map of Chernobyl in the UN report shows regions shaded according to rate, up to 3,700 kBq per sq m - areas with less than 37 kBq per sq m are not shaded at all. In round terms, this suggests that the radioactive fallout at Fukushima is less than 1% of that at Chernobyl.
The other important radioisotope in fallout is iodine, which can cause child thyroid cancer.
This is only produced when the reactor is on and quickly decays once the reactor shuts down (it has a half life of eight days). The old fuel rods in storage at Fukushima, though radioactive, contain no iodine.
But at Chernobyl the full inventory of iodine and caesium was released in the initial explosion, so that at Fukushima any release of iodine should be much less than 1% of that at Chernobyl - with an effect reduced still further by iodine tablets.
Unfortunately, public authorities react by providing over-cautious guidance - and this simply escalates public concern.
Over-reaction
On the 16th anniversary of Chernobyl, the Swedish radiation authorities, writing in the Stockholm daily Dagens Nyheter, admitted over-reacting by setting the safety level too low and condemning 78% of all reindeer meat unnecessarily, and at great cost.
Bottled water was handed out in Tokyo this week to mothers of young babies Unfortunately, the Japanese seem to be repeating the mistake. On 23 March they advised that children should not drink tap water in Tokyo, where an activity of 200 Bq per litre had been measured the day before. Let's put this in perspective. The natural radioactivity in every human body is 50 Bq per litre - 200 Bq per litre is really not going to do much harm.
In the Cold War era most people were led to believe that nuclear radiation presents a quite exceptional danger understood only by "eggheads" working in secret military establishments.
To cope with the friendly fire of such nuclear propaganda on the home front, ever tighter radiation regulations were enacted in order to keep all contact with radiation As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), as the principle became known.
This attempt at reassurance is the basis of international radiation safety regulations today, which suggest an upper limit for the general public of 1 mSv per year above natural levels.
This very low figure is not a danger level, rather it's a small addition to the levels found in nature - a British person is exposed to 2.7 mSv per year, on average. My book Radiation and Reason argues that a responsible danger level based on current science would be 100 mSv per month, with a lifelong limit of 5,000 mSv, not 1 mSv per year.
New attitude
People worry about radiation because they cannot feel it. However, nature has a solution - in recent years it has been found that living cells replace and mend themselves in various ways to recover from a dose of radiation.
These clever mechanisms kick in within hours and rarely fail, except when they are overloaded - as at Chernobyl, where most of the emergency workers who received a dose greater than 4,000 mSv over a few hours died within weeks.
Some might ask whether I would accept radioactive waste buried 100 metres under my own house?”
End Quote However, patients receiving a course of radiotherapy usually get a dose of more than 20,000 mSv to vital healthy tissue close to the treated tumour. This tissue survives only because the treatment is spread over many days giving healthy cells time for repair or replacement.
In this way, many patients get to enjoy further rewarding years of life, even after many vital organs have received the equivalent of more than 20,000 years' dose at the above internationally recommended annual limit - which makes this limit unreasonable.
A sea-change is needed in our attitude to radiation, starting with education and public information.
Then fresh safety standards should be drawn up, based not on how radiation can be excluded from our lives, but on how much we can receive without harm - mindful of the other dangers that beset us, such as climate change and loss of electric power. Perhaps a new acronym is needed to guide radiation safety - how about As High As Relatively Safe (AHARS)?
Modern reactors are better designed than those at Fukushima - tomorrow's may be better still, but we should not wait. Radioactive waste is nasty but the quantity is small, especially if re-processed. Anyway, it is not the intractable problem that many suppose.
Some might ask whether I would accept it if it were buried 100 metres under my own house? My answer would be: "Yes, why not?" More generally, we should stop running away from radiation.
Wade Allison is a nuclear and medical physicist at the University of Oxford, the author of Radiation and Reason (2009) and Fundamental Physics for Probing and Imaging (2006).
Friday, 25 March 2011
Thursday, 24 March 2011
exodus
Bulgaria moves embassy from Tokyo to Fukuoka
The Bulgarian Embassy in Japan will be relocated temporarily from Tokyo to the city of Fukuoka, about 1000km south of the capital, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Vessela Cherneva told Bulgarian media on March 21 2011.
The decision to relocate the embassy staff came in the wake of the Fukushima nuke disaster which unfolded after the March 11 quake and subsequent tsunami. The Bulgarian embassy staff was deemed to have been exposed to "unnecessary risks because of the fallout".
Fukuoka is the capital city of Fukuoka prefecture and lies on the northern shore of the island of Kyushu in Japan. It is the most populous city in Kyushu, followed by Kitakyushu. It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Keihanshin.
Last week, Bulgarian media reported that the serving consul to Japan, Chavdar Gradinarski, had fled the country, abandoning his post, only two days after the quake struck.
The Foreign Ministry has since been in contact with Gradinarski and his "fate" is due to be decided by a disciplinary commission this week.
Meanwhile, the embassy staff will remain at Fukuoka until the situation in Tokyo normalises, the report said. The Consular Office, however, will remain in Tokyo to assist Bulgarian citizens still in the country.
The Bulgarian Embassy in Japan will be relocated temporarily from Tokyo to the city of Fukuoka, about 1000km south of the capital, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Vessela Cherneva told Bulgarian media on March 21 2011.
The decision to relocate the embassy staff came in the wake of the Fukushima nuke disaster which unfolded after the March 11 quake and subsequent tsunami. The Bulgarian embassy staff was deemed to have been exposed to "unnecessary risks because of the fallout".
Fukuoka is the capital city of Fukuoka prefecture and lies on the northern shore of the island of Kyushu in Japan. It is the most populous city in Kyushu, followed by Kitakyushu. It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Keihanshin.
Last week, Bulgarian media reported that the serving consul to Japan, Chavdar Gradinarski, had fled the country, abandoning his post, only two days after the quake struck.
The Foreign Ministry has since been in contact with Gradinarski and his "fate" is due to be decided by a disciplinary commission this week.
Meanwhile, the embassy staff will remain at Fukuoka until the situation in Tokyo normalises, the report said. The Consular Office, however, will remain in Tokyo to assist Bulgarian citizens still in the country.
apocalypse
I live in Japan.
This incident was caused by natural disaster, if it were caused by human error only one reactor might have been in trouble. But there at the nuclear plant four reactors have been out of control simultaneously.
Some of reactors, especially in No 3 have smokes from inside frequently, which suggest there's a partial core meltdown.
We merely observe radiation level so far has been lower than 1986.
People start buying mineral water because in Tokyo tap water was declared to be unfit for babies.
This incident was caused by natural disaster, if it were caused by human error only one reactor might have been in trouble. But there at the nuclear plant four reactors have been out of control simultaneously.
Some of reactors, especially in No 3 have smokes from inside frequently, which suggest there's a partial core meltdown.
We merely observe radiation level so far has been lower than 1986.
People start buying mineral water because in Tokyo tap water was declared to be unfit for babies.
Tuesday, 22 March 2011
recriticality - fission - chain reaction
japans nuclear energy agency admitted five atomic particles were found inside the site - iodine, cesium, plutonium, uranium, and the other unharmful one
government and tepco had better try to think about burying the whole site rather than watering....because water keeps cool when container vessel is unharmed, but if it were harmed water promote fission
fission , recriticality are the same
none can prevent it but burying in concrete and sand
worst scenario was open, close in cement!!!!!!!!as soon as possible AS SOON AS POSSIBLE!
government and tepco had better try to think about burying the whole site rather than watering....because water keeps cool when container vessel is unharmed, but if it were harmed water promote fission
fission , recriticality are the same
none can prevent it but burying in concrete and sand
worst scenario was open, close in cement!!!!!!!!as soon as possible AS SOON AS POSSIBLE!
Wednesday, 16 March 2011
Japanese exodus
Tokyo is in danger of major nuclear radiation
people in Tokyo ought to leave there if they can
Japanese exodus heading for the west
people in Tokyo ought to leave there if they can
Japanese exodus heading for the west
Catastrophic apocalypse
Japan has 54 nuclear reactors in operation next to France which has 58 and USA 104
in which 11 reactors are now severely affected by quake
Very serious situation
we will face catastrophic.. apocalyptic disaster and major radioactive emission if these 11 reactors are destroyed at the same time
in which 11 reactors are now severely affected by quake
Very serious situation
we will face catastrophic.. apocalyptic disaster and major radioactive emission if these 11 reactors are destroyed at the same time
Japan syndrome
4 reactors in one nuclear power plant are uncontrollable.
we need to start taking a possible major meltdown and a major radioactive contamination too into consideration
we need to start taking a possible major meltdown and a major radioactive contamination too into consideration
Topsy-turvy
Dear Carlos...
I guess you are fully recovered since now you are in your homeland
I wrote as 'Jeremiah is long' in previous letter, but what i had in my mind when I'm writing was Isaiah, so its Isaiah that i thought its too long and sometimes unclear
Nuclear accident was tragic, but it was caused by natural disaster and not by human error.
I mean we can't blame anyone. I think we can manage to calm down the situation or we must do
Radiation will affect the surrounding area for some time, but I think it will be limited for a short time - a week or a bit
I will send you some question after visiting the Hall next time
I will surely have a question then
460000 people are now evacuated, north-east Japan is now topsy-turvy
Sincerely,
Eiko
a letter from london
From:
"Carlos Burman"
To:
"
Dear eiko ,
Thankyou for you email...this email is more clear to me.
how are you first of all?
of course,fukuoka is quite far from fukushima and sendai area so i am convinced you are not affected by the recent large earthquake there.
Its terrible news and im very sorry for those of whom it affects.
It really shows the words of Jesuss presence of the conclusion of the system of things to be true..at matthew 24 and at Luke 21 jesus said that great earthquakes would be one of the signs of the "lastdays" (2 tim 3:1)
today we surely see many earthquakes in one place after another as well as all the signs that jesus said would mark the conclusion of the sytem of things.
Anyway, as for your previous statement in your previous email about the Greek scriptures ,the Hebrew scriptures and also newer writings published after the holy scriptures were written, the Hebrew scriptures CAN be sometimes vague or difficult to understand fully.
As you mentioned,Bible books such as Jeremiah and Isaiah to name just 2 are not always easy to fully grasp in our minds.
These books were written by hebrew prophets around 800BCE to around 500BCE to warn Israel to turn back from their bad ways hat God disapproved of.
They also give glimpses of future happenings such as in Isaiah 65...they show the messiahs rule and they also show that jerusalem and babylon would both be destroyed.
These book and most of the other hebrew scriptures served there purpose at the time of the prophets and for a few centuries after their writings.
This information in the hebrew scriptures are no specifically relevant for a christian today.
As roman 15:4 mentions "all scripture written aforetime were written for our instruction"
the hebrew scriptures are very useful to us today to learn from past mistakes of Gods people and how God viewed various acts of the people back then...the scriptures help us to know what god likes and what he doesnt like.
As for the Greek scriptures,these were instructions to Christians not to jews anymore.
Yes ,you are right,some bible books in the christian greek scriptures are fairly concise and do not tell us everything that happened back in the first century.
However, as John 25:21 mentions, there were countless of thing Jesus did and said when he was on earth which are not recorded in the holy scriptures...Jehovah the author of the Bible saw that what is written already in the Bible was sufficient for us humans....he saw that we didnt need more than what is written...he saw that we had everything written down that would help us serve him properly even though being imperfect humans.
The book of Acts is concise yet helps us to understand where the christians came from ,what their assignment was and the troubles they faced in carrying it out....we today can be comforted by such scriptures since they help us to understand what our work today is too and how to face challenges without dying spiritually.
Other Books written by other authors after the Holy Bible had been completed were normally mere copies,reviews,discussions,summarries,theories,hypothesis of the original Bible.
books today such as "the da vinci code" have theories of Humans and not of God...nothing is based on any evidence,neither solid nor weak...
many other books sincerely written to aid the bible and to help sincere seekers of truth of godly truth,while sincere are NOT additional or supplementary information to the bible..
Books written by Jehovahs witnesses for example do not claim to be divine or holy....they are written to help and aid sincere people to understand what is already written in the original bible given only by GOD JEHOVAH.
Revelation warned at Revelation 22:18 that those who take way or add from what has already been written from the holy scriptures will face Jehovahs anger.
God will not allow the bible to be completly changed...there will always be bibles that show Gods personal name and that show truth right down to the end and those that try to change it will be destroyed at his own appointed time.
Anyway,ALL scriptures ARE inspired by God and beneficial for teaching".. (2 timothy 3:16<17)
We both do well to use the Bible and sincere bible aids only to search for truthful information about jehovahs ways and purposes.
anyway,as for today ,im fine,please let me know how you are..
please email me what you think and any other questions
until then takecare
Carlos
Tuesday, 15 March 2011
tokyo over radiation
0408: However, a Tokyo government officials says the radiation levels in the city are not seen as harmful to human health, the AFP adds.
0402: Higher than normal radiation levels are detected in Tokyo, the AFP is quoting the city government as saying.
i think this is the reality
people in tokyo cant flee to anywhere but their owns
radiation level wont affect too much on their health in general
tokyo is 225 kilometres away from fukushima plant
i must say its radioactive contamination is ignorable enough due to its relatively long distance from the site in comparison to the size of leakage disaster
although its needless to say its essential for them to properly get rid of contaminated substances as quickly as possible
level 7
0355: The BBC's Chris Hogg in Tokyo says that Japan's nuclear safety agency says it suspects the explosion may have damaged the vessel that holds the number two reactor. That would make it a more serious incident than the two previous explosions at Fukushima that were thought just to have damaged the buildings that housed the reactors.
Our capital is more and more susceptible to radioactive plumes,
evacuation requires short time, but acquires long term assurances from health risks
the fear of great king
0337: A low level radioactive wind could reach Tokyo in 10 hours, Reuters is quoting the French embassy in the Japanese capital as saying.
the fear of great king falls - Nostradamus
this foretelling becomes reality
nagoya - central japan
if tokyo is fully contaminated by radioactive plumes and power shotages continues, besides exodus occurs, lets move our capital to nagoya
nagoya is neither west nor east but central
nagoya is neither west nor east but central
3130 microsievert
the figure is observed after the exposure of fuel rod in Fukushima power plant No 2 reactor
the figure is 6 times as big as the permitted level of radiation
and this shows radioactive emission is in present there
the figure is 6 times as big as the permitted level of radiation
and this shows radioactive emission is in present there
Tokyo in danger
1844: Mikan in Tokyo writes: "There is a growing sense that the Japanese government is not telling us the true story. On one end, there is the Japanese media that plays down the nuclear drama and focuses on human drama, and at the other, the foreign media is up-playing the nuclear disaster. In my company I heard at least half the essential staff is being sent to Hong Kong, Singapore or even Sydney. I am preparing to leave Tokyo and/or Japan. So are many of my friends. There is a sense of deserting Tokyo as soon as possible." Have Your Say
1839: UK nuclear expert John Large tells the BBC that the wind direction off the east coast of Japan is moving round to the south, which could take any radioactive plume from the Fukushima plant over the Tokyo region.
Tokyo is now suffering from rolling blackout. Tokyo might be liable to nuclear contamination from the wind of just the north.
Fukushima nuclear power plant has been giving off already wind hazardous enough.
US aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan that anchored off the coast 160 km from the plant detected radiation.
meltdown
i think meltdown in Fukushima power plant No 2 is inevitable.
because they start asking for help in US, IAEA. that means they start trying to abandon their responsibility, also means they cant deal with the matter alone, which indicate how serios the situation is.
japanese government had better start thinking about how to deal with the worst scenario next seriously.
evacuation is first and foremost important, which is already taken place.
how to get rid of radiation is the task they face.
because they start asking for help in US, IAEA. that means they start trying to abandon their responsibility, also means they cant deal with the matter alone, which indicate how serios the situation is.
japanese government had better start thinking about how to deal with the worst scenario next seriously.
evacuation is first and foremost important, which is already taken place.
how to get rid of radiation is the task they face.
nightmare
Q&A: Health effects of radiation exposure
By Richard Warry BBC News
Japanese officials have ordered anyone living within 20km (12 miles) of the Fukushima nuclear power plant to evacuate the area.
Explosions have occurred at three of its reactors and some radiation leakage has been detected.
However, swift action by the Japanese authorities should be able to minimise the cost to human health.
What are the immediate health effects of exposure to radiation?
Exposure to moderate levels can result in radiation sickness, which produces a range of symptoms.
Nausea and vomiting often begin within hours of exposure, followed by diarrhoea, headaches and fever.
After the first round of symptoms, there may be a brief period with no apparent illness, but this may be followed within weeks by new, more serious symptoms.
At higher levels of radiation, all of these symptoms may be immediately apparent, along with widespread - and potentially fatal - damage to internal organs.
Exposure to a radiation dose of four grays will typically kill about half of all healthy adults.
For comparison, radiation therapy for cancer typically involves several doses of between one and seven grays at a time - but these doses are highly controlled, and usually specifically targeted at small areas of the body.
How is radiation sickness treated?
The first thing to do is to try to minimise further contamination by removing clothes and shoes, and gently washing the skin with soap and water.
Drugs are available that increase white blood-cell production to counter any damage that may have occurred to the bone marrow, and to reduce the risk of further infections due to immune-system damage.
There are also specific drugs that can help to reduce the damage to internal organs caused by radioactive particles.
How does radiation have an impact on health?
Radioactive materials that decay spontaneously produce ionising radiation, which has the capacity to cause significant damage to the body's internal chemistry, breaking the chemical bonds between the atoms and molecules that make up our tissues.
The body responds by trying to repair this damage, but sometimes it is too severe or widespread to make repair possible. There is also a danger of mistakes in the natural repair process.
Regions of the body that are most vulnerable to radiation damage include the cells lining the intestine and stomach, and the blood-cell producing cells in the bone marrow.
The extent of the damage caused is dependent on how long people are exposed to radiation, and at what level.
What are the most likely long-term health effects?
Cancer is the biggest long-term risk. Usually when the body's cells reach their "sell-by date" they commit suicide. Cancer results when cells lose this ability, and effectively become immortal, continuing to divide and divide in an uncontrolled fashion.
The body has various processes for ensuring that cells do not become cancerous, and for replacing damaged tissue.
But the damage caused by exposure to radiation can completely disrupt these control processes, making it much more likely that cancer will result.
Failure to repair the damage caused by radiation properly can also result in changes - or mutations - to the body's genetic material, which are not only associated with cancer, but may also be potentially passed down to offspring, leading to deformities in future generations. These can include smaller head or brain size, poorly formed eyes, slow growth and severe learning difficulties.
Are children at greater risk?
Potentially yes. Because they are growing more rapidly, more cells are dividing, and so the potential for things to go wrong is greater.
Following the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident in the Ukraine in 1986, the World Health Organization recorded a dramatic increase in thyroid cancer among children in the vicinity.
This was because the radioactive materials released during the accident contained high levels of radioactive iodine, a material that accumulates in the thyroid.
How can the Japanese authorities minimise the cost to human health?
Professor Richard Wakeford, an expert in exposure to radiation from the University of Manchester, said provided the Japanese authorities acted quickly most of the general population should be spared significant health problems.
He said in those circumstances the only people likely to be at risk of serious health effects were nuclear workers at the plant or emergency workers exposed to high levels of radiation.
He said the top priority would be to evacuate people from the area and to make sure they did not eat contaminated food. The biggest risk was that radioactive iodine could get into their system, raising the risk of thyroid cancer.
To counter that risk people could be given tablets containing stable iodine which would prevent the body absorbing the radioactive version.
The Japanese already have a lot of iodine in their natural diet, so that should help too.
How does Fukushima compare to Chernobyl?
Professor Gerry Thomas, who has studied the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster, said: "It is very unlikely that this will turn into anything that resembles Chernobyl."
"In Chernobyl you had a steam explosion which exposed the reactor core, which meant you had a lot of radiation shooting up into the atmosphere."
Professor Thomas said although the Chernobyl disaster had led to a rise in thyroid cancer cases, the only people affected were those living in the immediate area of the explosion and who were young at the time.
By Richard Warry BBC News
Japanese officials have ordered anyone living within 20km (12 miles) of the Fukushima nuclear power plant to evacuate the area.
Explosions have occurred at three of its reactors and some radiation leakage has been detected.
However, swift action by the Japanese authorities should be able to minimise the cost to human health.
What are the immediate health effects of exposure to radiation?
Exposure to moderate levels can result in radiation sickness, which produces a range of symptoms.
Nausea and vomiting often begin within hours of exposure, followed by diarrhoea, headaches and fever.
After the first round of symptoms, there may be a brief period with no apparent illness, but this may be followed within weeks by new, more serious symptoms.
At higher levels of radiation, all of these symptoms may be immediately apparent, along with widespread - and potentially fatal - damage to internal organs.
Exposure to a radiation dose of four grays will typically kill about half of all healthy adults.
For comparison, radiation therapy for cancer typically involves several doses of between one and seven grays at a time - but these doses are highly controlled, and usually specifically targeted at small areas of the body.
How is radiation sickness treated?
The first thing to do is to try to minimise further contamination by removing clothes and shoes, and gently washing the skin with soap and water.
Drugs are available that increase white blood-cell production to counter any damage that may have occurred to the bone marrow, and to reduce the risk of further infections due to immune-system damage.
There are also specific drugs that can help to reduce the damage to internal organs caused by radioactive particles.
How does radiation have an impact on health?
Radioactive materials that decay spontaneously produce ionising radiation, which has the capacity to cause significant damage to the body's internal chemistry, breaking the chemical bonds between the atoms and molecules that make up our tissues.
The body responds by trying to repair this damage, but sometimes it is too severe or widespread to make repair possible. There is also a danger of mistakes in the natural repair process.
Regions of the body that are most vulnerable to radiation damage include the cells lining the intestine and stomach, and the blood-cell producing cells in the bone marrow.
The extent of the damage caused is dependent on how long people are exposed to radiation, and at what level.
What are the most likely long-term health effects?
Cancer is the biggest long-term risk. Usually when the body's cells reach their "sell-by date" they commit suicide. Cancer results when cells lose this ability, and effectively become immortal, continuing to divide and divide in an uncontrolled fashion.
The body has various processes for ensuring that cells do not become cancerous, and for replacing damaged tissue.
But the damage caused by exposure to radiation can completely disrupt these control processes, making it much more likely that cancer will result.
Failure to repair the damage caused by radiation properly can also result in changes - or mutations - to the body's genetic material, which are not only associated with cancer, but may also be potentially passed down to offspring, leading to deformities in future generations. These can include smaller head or brain size, poorly formed eyes, slow growth and severe learning difficulties.
Are children at greater risk?
Potentially yes. Because they are growing more rapidly, more cells are dividing, and so the potential for things to go wrong is greater.
Following the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident in the Ukraine in 1986, the World Health Organization recorded a dramatic increase in thyroid cancer among children in the vicinity.
This was because the radioactive materials released during the accident contained high levels of radioactive iodine, a material that accumulates in the thyroid.
How can the Japanese authorities minimise the cost to human health?
Professor Richard Wakeford, an expert in exposure to radiation from the University of Manchester, said provided the Japanese authorities acted quickly most of the general population should be spared significant health problems.
He said in those circumstances the only people likely to be at risk of serious health effects were nuclear workers at the plant or emergency workers exposed to high levels of radiation.
He said the top priority would be to evacuate people from the area and to make sure they did not eat contaminated food. The biggest risk was that radioactive iodine could get into their system, raising the risk of thyroid cancer.
To counter that risk people could be given tablets containing stable iodine which would prevent the body absorbing the radioactive version.
The Japanese already have a lot of iodine in their natural diet, so that should help too.
How does Fukushima compare to Chernobyl?
Professor Gerry Thomas, who has studied the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster, said: "It is very unlikely that this will turn into anything that resembles Chernobyl."
"In Chernobyl you had a steam explosion which exposed the reactor core, which meant you had a lot of radiation shooting up into the atmosphere."
Professor Thomas said although the Chernobyl disaster had led to a rise in thyroid cancer cases, the only people affected were those living in the immediate area of the explosion and who were young at the time.
Q&A - japan nuclear crisis
There have been two explosions at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan, following Friday's earthquake and tsunami, and a third reactor is reportedly at risk of fuel-rod meltdown.
How great a danger do these problems pose for people in Japan and further afield?Has there been a leakage of radioactive material?
It appears so. An American warship, the USS Ronald Reagan, has detected low levels of radiation at a distance of 100 miles (161km) from the Fukushima plant. How much radioactive material has escaped?
This is not clear. The Japanese authorities say only very low levels of radiation have been detected outside the plant. The IAEA has described it as a level four event on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), which is used for an accident "with local consequences". No abnormal levels of radiation have yet been detected in Russia.What type of radioactive material has escaped?
There are reports of radioactive isotopes of caesium and iodine in the vicinity of the plant. Experts say it would be natural for radioactive isotopes of nitrogen and argon to have escaped as well. There is no evidence that any uranium or plutonium has escaped.What harm do these radioactive materials cause?
Radioactive iodine could be harmful to young people living near the plant. After the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster there were some cases of thyroid cancer as a result. People who were promptly issued with iodine tablets ought to be safe, however. Radioactive caesium, uranium and plutonium are harmful, but do not target any particular organ of the body. Radioactive nitrogen decays within seconds of its release, and argon poses no threat to health.Q&A: Health effects of radiation
How did the radioactive materials escape?
It appears that there have been problems with the power supply to pumps that fill the reactors with water, causing the reactors to overheat. When steam has built up to dangerous levels, small amounts have been vented. Experts say that the presence of caesium and iodine in the steam suggests that the metal casing of some of the fuel rods has melted or broken. Uranium has a very high melting point so it is unlikely to have melted, still less vapourised.Could radioactive materials have escaped by any other means?
The authorities have pumped sea water into three reactors. This water will be contaminated by its passage through the reactor, but it is currently unclear whether any of it has been released into the environment.How long will any contamination last?
Radioactive iodine decays quite quickly. Most will have disappeared within a month. Radioactive caesium does not last long in the body - most has gone within a year. However, it lingers in the environment and can continue to present a risk.Has there been a meltdown?
The term "meltdown" is used in a variety of ways. As noted above, the reported detection of radioactive caesium and iodine may indicate that some of the metal casing enclosing the reactors' uranium fuel has melted (a "fuel-rod meltdown"). However, there is as yet no indication that the uranium fuel itself has melted. Still less is there any indication of a "China Syndrome" where the fuel melts, gathers below the reactor and resumes a chain reaction, that enables it to melt everything in its way, and bore a path deep into the earth. If there were to be a serious meltdown, the Japanese reactor is supposed to be able to handle it, preventing the China Syndrome from taking place. Reports suggest that underneath the reactor, within the outer containment vessel, there is a concrete basin designed to capture and disperse any molten fuel.Could there be a Chernobyl-like disaster?
Experts say this is highly unlikely. The chain reaction at all Fukushima reactors has ceased and reactor 1 is reported already to be in a stable condition. The explosions that have occurred have taken place outside the steel and concrete containment vessels enclosing the reactors, which apparently remain solid. At Chernobyl an explosion exposed the core of the reactor to the air, and a fire raged for days sending its contents in a plume up into the atmosphere. At Fukushima the explosions - caused by hydrogen and oxygen vented from the reactor - have damaged only the roof and walls erected around the containment vessels.Could there be a nuclear explosion?
No. A nuclear bomb and a nuclear reactor are different things.What caused the hydrogen release from the reactor?
At high temperatures, steam can separate into hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of zirconium, the metal used for encasing the reactor fuel. This mixture is highly explosive.How do iodine tablets work?
If the body has all the iodine it needs, it will not absorb further iodine from the atmosphere. The tablets fill the body up with non-radioactive iodine, which prevent it absorbing the radioactive iodine.Is any level of exposure to radiation safe?
In some parts of the world, natural background radiation is significantly higher than others - for example in Cornwall, in south-west England. And yet people live in Cornwall, and many others gladly visit the area. Similarly, every international air flight exposes passengers to higher than normal levels of radiation - and yet people still fly, and cabin crews spend large amounts of time exposed to this radiation. Patients in hospitals regularly undergo X-rays. Scientists dispute whether any level of exposure to radiation is entirely safe, but exposure to some level of radiation - whether at normal background levels or higher - is a fact of life. We do not yet know how much higher than normal the levels around Fukushima are.How do Fukushima's problems affect the rest of the world?
It depends on how much radiation is released. At present, the IAEA says the effects are of a "local" nature.Wednesday, 9 March 2011
Tuesday, 8 March 2011
failure is a mother of success
Eiko Onoda went from being "in an open relationship" to "single".
03 March at 19:53 ·LikeUnlike · .
Timothy Wesson I'm sorry to hear that, Mer.
I hope that you're okay...
04 March at 07:37 · UnlikeLike · 1 personLoading....Eiko Onoda I'm fine, for the moment I'd like to enjoy being single...when it comes to marriage we ought not to make haste. I'd like to find a good friend first.
03 March at 19:53 ·LikeUnlike · .
Timothy Wesson I'm sorry to hear that, Mer.
I hope that you're okay...
04 March at 07:37 · UnlikeLike · 1 personLoading....Eiko Onoda I'm fine, for the moment I'd like to enjoy being single...when it comes to marriage we ought not to make haste. I'd like to find a good friend first.
enjoy singleness
i have a girlfriend who lives 50 km away, so we only see one time at weekend
i go out with one girl only at any time
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Message History
!!!!!!CHERRY!!:
3 days ago
no! im married w/ filipino..i worked in japan 5yrs ago..do u have a gf now? how many gf u have now?
! Eiko Onoda:
3 days ago
quickly browsing your photos, you must have married to japanese guy and had two ? kids...you had stayed in japan
i married several times ...no kids....i stayed in manila for three months 17 years ago with my girlfriend then
@yahoo.com
!!!!!!CHERRY!!:
3 days ago
kodomo wa arimasu ka? doushite rekkon shiteta no? philippines wa itta koto arun desu ka?
i go out with one girl only at any time
Send AnotherForward as Message
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Message History
!!!!!!CHERRY!!:
3 days ago
no! im married w/ filipino..i worked in japan 5yrs ago..do u have a gf now? how many gf u have now?
! Eiko Onoda:
3 days ago
quickly browsing your photos, you must have married to japanese guy and had two ? kids...you had stayed in japan
i married several times ...no kids....i stayed in manila for three months 17 years ago with my girlfriend then
@yahoo.com
!!!!!!CHERRY!!:
3 days ago
kodomo wa arimasu ka? doushite rekkon shiteta no? philippines wa itta koto arun desu ka?
Monday, 7 March 2011
visiting Osaka
! Eiko Onoda Im in an open relationship
17 hours ago• Comment• Like
Jasmine C then could u be my date 2nyt...
16 hours ago• Report AbuseReported• Delete
! Eiko Onoda tonight?...uhmmm..Osaka is a little bit far...i live in fukuoka , but i am really glad to spend a night with you
16 hours ago• Delete
Jasmine C really??
16 hours ago• Report AbuseReported• Delete
Jasmine C it was nice meeting u..got to run need to catch mah train....;0
16 hours ago• Report AbuseReported• Delete
Jasmine C http://video.tagged.com/#v=U0CGsw6h60k
16 hours ago• Report AbuseReported• Delete
! Eiko Onoda i think about visiting Osaka..
16 hours ago• Delete
17 hours ago• Comment• Like
Jasmine C then could u be my date 2nyt...
16 hours ago• Report AbuseReported• Delete
! Eiko Onoda tonight?...uhmmm..Osaka is a little bit far...i live in fukuoka , but i am really glad to spend a night with you
16 hours ago• Delete
Jasmine C really??
16 hours ago• Report AbuseReported• Delete
Jasmine C it was nice meeting u..got to run need to catch mah train....;0
16 hours ago• Report AbuseReported• Delete
Jasmine C http://video.tagged.com/#v=U0CGsw6h60k
16 hours ago• Report AbuseReported• Delete
! Eiko Onoda i think about visiting Osaka..
16 hours ago• Delete
44 temples
shikoku island is famous for its locations of 44 temples that many people attempt to visit all as missionary
id rather visit all the temples with my future wife some day in the near future
id rather visit all the temples with my future wife some day in the near future
Saturday, 5 March 2011
sit beside me?
! Eiko Onoda:
16 hours ago
i got divorced all..now legally im single...arent you going to sit beside me?
16 hours ago
i got divorced all..now legally im single...arent you going to sit beside me?
When love involes
RE: thanks
Saturday, March 5, 2011 5:29 AM
From: "eritreaqqq eritreaqqq"
To: "Carlos Burman"
Dear Carlos...
What I meant in the last letter was
Hebrew Scriptures ( HS ) is a collection of books from the time of Moses to the last prophet of nearly 2 millennium and much bigger in volume than the portion of new testament
yet Greek Scriptures( GS ) is a record of books containing Gospels, Acts, and Pauline letters, plus Apocalypse from the birth of Jesus to the reign by Nero, just a hundred years
But many people and believers have written about Christianity since then
My question was why we need to limit the source of study in GS that we have today in order to know Christianity
As to the books in HS, for example, Jeremiah is too long, and sometimes not clear, while Daniel is concise and easy to grasp..
In GS, too, acts is too concise to dictate the story of important missionary and Letter to Hebrew is too hard for ordinary people to understand
My ex wife live here
My girlfriend you saw live in 30 miles away from here, she lives in *
Things are not so easy when love involves
Sincerely,
Eiko
--- On Fri, 3/4/11, Carlos Burman wrote:
From: Carlos Burman
Subject: RE: thanks
To: eritreaqqq
Date: Friday, March 4, 2011, 9:43 PM
dear Eiko,
how are you?
the gaps between my emails are getting longer it seems.
i have been really busy since back in england...
in february it was quite mild in weather but now at the start of march its cold again...so i hope spring weather can come soon.
asami is now with me in england and we are both job hunting and we are still living in our parents home.
its great that you are happy living with your parents in kokura...many sons or daughters hate living with their parents...
the home i live in in uk with my mum and dad is old and very small...so we have no space or privacy..and my mum still treats me like a baby..so i feel like im still a child..
i love my mum and dad but i do look forward to finding my own home in the future.
anyway,thanks for your research about the bible and the truth book...
yes they are both best sellers...and great books they are..especially the bible..
of course the bible is the word of god ...the only book that we can source information about god and his will...all other books are are aids or helpers to understand the bible better
as for your question you asked at the end of your last email..i didnt fully understand it...what do you mean?
the hebrew scriptures have many records and statistics as you already said...
2 timothy 3 16,17 tells us that ALL scripture are inspired of god and beneficial....
the hebrew and greek scriptures are both beneficial..
however,its really mainly the greek scriptures matthew- revelation, that help a christian know how to live properly with gods requirements..
the hebrew scriptures were mainly written for jewish people
anyway,i look forward to hearing your next email..and please ask me anything else...inow have a pc at home
until then
take care
carlos
Saturday, March 5, 2011 5:29 AM
From: "eritreaqqq eritreaqqq"
To: "Carlos Burman"
Dear Carlos...
What I meant in the last letter was
Hebrew Scriptures ( HS ) is a collection of books from the time of Moses to the last prophet of nearly 2 millennium and much bigger in volume than the portion of new testament
yet Greek Scriptures( GS ) is a record of books containing Gospels, Acts, and Pauline letters, plus Apocalypse from the birth of Jesus to the reign by Nero, just a hundred years
But many people and believers have written about Christianity since then
My question was why we need to limit the source of study in GS that we have today in order to know Christianity
As to the books in HS, for example, Jeremiah is too long, and sometimes not clear, while Daniel is concise and easy to grasp..
In GS, too, acts is too concise to dictate the story of important missionary and Letter to Hebrew is too hard for ordinary people to understand
My ex wife live here
My girlfriend you saw live in 30 miles away from here, she lives in *
Things are not so easy when love involves
Sincerely,
Eiko
--- On Fri, 3/4/11, Carlos Burman wrote:
From: Carlos Burman
Subject: RE: thanks
To: eritreaqqq
Date: Friday, March 4, 2011, 9:43 PM
dear Eiko,
how are you?
the gaps between my emails are getting longer it seems.
i have been really busy since back in england...
in february it was quite mild in weather but now at the start of march its cold again...so i hope spring weather can come soon.
asami is now with me in england and we are both job hunting and we are still living in our parents home.
its great that you are happy living with your parents in kokura...many sons or daughters hate living with their parents...
the home i live in in uk with my mum and dad is old and very small...so we have no space or privacy..and my mum still treats me like a baby..so i feel like im still a child..
i love my mum and dad but i do look forward to finding my own home in the future.
anyway,thanks for your research about the bible and the truth book...
yes they are both best sellers...and great books they are..especially the bible..
of course the bible is the word of god ...the only book that we can source information about god and his will...all other books are are aids or helpers to understand the bible better
as for your question you asked at the end of your last email..i didnt fully understand it...what do you mean?
the hebrew scriptures have many records and statistics as you already said...
2 timothy 3 16,17 tells us that ALL scripture are inspired of god and beneficial....
the hebrew and greek scriptures are both beneficial..
however,its really mainly the greek scriptures matthew- revelation, that help a christian know how to live properly with gods requirements..
the hebrew scriptures were mainly written for jewish people
anyway,i look forward to hearing your next email..and please ask me anything else...inow have a pc at home
until then
take care
carlos
Thursday, 3 March 2011
Marriage Annulled
Dear Phoebe,
Our marriage was annulled.
Immigration Office pointed out that in the case of marrying a foreign national we both have to present ourselves at a ward office or you must be staying in Japan as a registered foreign national.
Certificate of eligibility was of course not issued.
Sincerely Yours,
E. Onoda
Our marriage was annulled.
Immigration Office pointed out that in the case of marrying a foreign national we both have to present ourselves at a ward office or you must be staying in Japan as a registered foreign national.
Certificate of eligibility was of course not issued.
Sincerely Yours,
E. Onoda
Wednesday, 2 March 2011
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